Muñoz produces these pieces by depositing carbon dust on wet gesso on paper placed over a wood support in order to create complex textures. #SOAP OPERA UPDATES IN 1990S SERIES#Muñoz begins his series Tainted, which is also the name of one of the new paramilitary groups that perpetrated one of the first massacres of civilians in the north of Colombia. He addresses how violence becomes normalized as part of everyday life, perpetuating narratives of violence that exacerbate the problem. He touches on themes such as the loss of personal and collective memory that obfuscate remembrance of the dead and disappeared. ” 3 He continues to examine the effects of violence on society. “I have had to go through many failures to reach some small achievements. 2 “ Most of my series are related to pulverized materials like charcoal, sugar, sand,” he explains. He explores the dematerialization of art through methods such as pulverization and evaporation. He resolves it by privileging the process of production, which can last for days, over its results. Muñoz slowly shifts the focus on his work during a period he sees as a creative crisis. As violence pervades life in Cali, artists continue to work independently in their studios. Miguel Ángel Rojas begins to use coca leaves in his works as references to the drug trade. Murders of women were especially common and cruel and victims were often identified by their shoes. The installation is based on her research into the effects of violence in Colombia. Doris Salcedo creates her piece Irritable, showing pairs of shoes in wall niches, each cubbyhole covered with translucent animal skin. 1 Violence becomes a ubiquitous presence in Colombian art, but artists seek new ways to address the complexity of issues. Images of and information about violence proliferate in the media during the 1990s, slowly desensitizing the population. As a result, millions of farmers are displaced from their lands. Drug cartels continue to acquire land for the cultivation of coca and poppy, often through violent means. The nation is forced to offer Escobar and other cartel leaders protection from extradition and assistance in fighting sentences. These include the Popular Liberation Army (ELP), People’s Revolutionary Army (ERP), and the Movement April 19 (M-19). Through negotiations with the Colombian government, several armed groups agree to demobilize. Cali’s progressive legacy of the 1970s is replaced by extreme violence, random social mobility, lack of urban planning, and general low morale. The Medellín Cartel detonates more than fifty bombs in Cali to damage properties of the local cartel.
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